Nature, 15 August 2024, Volume 632, Issue 8025

《天然》2024年8月15日，第632卷，8025期

天文学Astronomy

Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460?Myr after the Big Bang

年夜爆炸后4.6亿年透镜星系中不雅测到的引力束厄局促星团

▲ 作者：Angela Adamo, Larry D. Bradley, Eros Vanzella, Adéla?de Claeyssens, Brian Welch, Jose M. Diego, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07703-7

▲择要：

“宇宙宝石弧”星系是于红移z≈10.2处不雅测到的最敞亮以及高度放年夜的星系之一。然而，其素质上是一个紫外线幽微的星系，处在那些现被以为驱动宇宙再电离的星系规模内。迄今为止，于近似红移的星系中分辩出的最小特性于几百到几十秒差距（pc）之间。

研究组报导了JWST对于“宇宙宝石弧”的不雅测。该星系的光被分化成五个星团，位在一个小在70 pc的区域内。这些星团体现出最小的灰尘衰减以及低金属品貌，春秋小在50 Myr，本征品质约为106M⊙。其透镜校订尺寸约为1 pc，致使恒星外貌密度靠近105M⊙pc?2，比近域宇宙中典型的年青星团高三个数目级。

只管透镜模子存于固有不确定性，但其与引力束厄局促的恒星体系（即原始球状星团）一致。研究组患上出结论，星团的造成以及反馈可能有助在塑造再电离期间星系的特征。

▲ Abstract：

The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift z?≈?10.2. However, it is an intrinsically ultraviolet faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the Universe. Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs (pc). Here we report JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems. The light of the galaxy is resolved into five star clusters located in a region smaller than 70?pc. They exhibit minimal dust attenuation and low metallicity, ages younger than 50?Myr and intrinsic masses of about 106M⊙. Their lensing-corrected sizes are approximately 1?pc, resulting in stellar surface densities near 105M⊙pc?2, three orders of magnitude higher than typical young star clusters in the local Universe. Despite the uncertainties inherent to the lensing model, they are consistent with being gravitationally bound stellar systems, that is, proto-globular clusters. We conclude that star cluster formation and feedback likely contributed to shaping the properties of galaxies during the epoch of reionization.

质料科学Materials Science

Multi-heterojunctioned plastics with high thermoelectric figure of merit

具备高热电质量因数的多异质结塑料

▲ 作者：Dongyang Wang, Jiamin Ding, Yingqiao Ma, Chunlin Xu, Zhiyi Li, Xiao Zhang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07724-2

▲择要：

共轭聚合物无望成为矫捷、低成本的热电质料，哄骗废热为物联网供电。然而，迄今为止，其有价值的运用始终遭到无量纲质量因数（ZT）较低的拦阻。

研究组报导了高ZT热电塑料，经由过程创立具备周期性双异质结特性的聚合物多异质结来实现，此中每一个周期由两种具备低在10纳米层状异质结布局以及互穿体异质结界面的聚合物构成。这类几何布局显著加强了界面类声子散射，同时连结了有用的电荷输运。

研究组不雅察到，与单个聚合物比拟，该塑料的导热系数显著降低了60%以上，功率因数提高，致使ZT于368 K时高达1.28。这类聚合物的热电机能逾越了商用热电质料以及现有的柔性热电候选质料。

主要的是，研究组证实了聚合物多异质结布局与溶液涂层技能的兼容性，以满意年夜面积塑料热电质料的需求，可助力聚合物多异质结向成本效益高的可穿着热电技能的成长。

▲ Abstract：

Conjugated polymers promise inherently flexible and low-cost thermoelectrics for powering the Internet of Things from waste heat. Their valuable applications, however, have been hitherto hindered by the low dimensionless figure of merit (ZT). Here we report high-ZT thermoelectric plastics, which were achieved by creating a polymeric multi-heterojunction with periodic dual-heterojunction features, where each period is composed of two polymers with a sub-ten-nanometre layered heterojunction structure and an interpenetrating bulk-heterojunction interface. This geometry produces significantly enhanced interfacial phonon-like scattering while maintaining efficient charge transport. We observed a significant suppression of thermal conductivity by over 60?per cent and an enhanced power factor when compared with individual polymers, resulting in a ZT of up to 1.28 at 368?kelvin. This polymeric thermoelectric performance surpasses that of co妹妹ercial thermoelectric materials and existing flexible thermoelectric candidates. Importantly, we demonstrated the compatibility of the polymeric multi-heterojunction structure with solution coating techniques for satisfying the demand for large-area plastic thermoelectrics, which paves the way for polymeric multi-heterojunctions towards cost-effective wearable thermoelectric technologies.

Buried interface molecular hybrid for inverted perovskite solar cells

颠倒钙钛矿太阳能电池的埋底界面份子杂化

▲ 作者：Sanwan Liu, Jingbai Li, Wenshan Xiao, Rui Chen, Zhenxing Sun, Yong Zhang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07723-3

▲择要：

与传统器件布局比拟，颠倒布局的钙钛矿太阳能电池具备更好的功率转换效率以及运转不变性，为这一新兴光伏技能的贸易化提供了要害路径。详细而言，因为革新的自拆卸份子以及钝化计谋的成长，颠倒钙钛矿太阳能电池的功率转换效率跨越了25%。然而，自拆卸份子的润湿性差以及易堆积会致使界面丧失，拦阻了功率转换效率以及不变性的进一步提高。

研究组报导了颠倒钙钛矿太阳能电池中埋底界面处的份子杂化，可将风行的自拆卸份子[4-（3,6-二甲基-9H-咔唑-9-基）丁基]膦酸（Me-4PACz）与多重芳羧酸4,4‘,4”-三甲酸三苯胺（NA）共拆卸以改良异质结界面。Me-4PACz与NA的份子杂化可显著改良其界面特征。由此制备的颠倒钙钛矿太阳能电池到达了26.54%的记载认证稳态效率。

至关主要的是，该计谋可与年夜范围制备无缝跟尾，实现了高达22.74%的颠倒微型模块最高认证功率转换效率之一（孔径面积为11.1 cm2）。该装备于情况空气中1太阳光强运转跨越2400小时后，仍连结96.1%的初始功率转换效率。

▲ Abstract：

Perovskite solar cells with an inverted architecture provide a key pathway for co妹妹ercializing this emerging photovoltaic technology because of the better power conversion efficiency and operational stability compared with the normal device structure. Specifically, power conversion efficiencies of the inverted perovskite solar cells have exceeded 25% owing to the development of improved self-assembled molecules and passivation strategies. However, poor wettability and agglomeration of self-assembled molecules cause interfacial losses, impeding further improvement in the power conversion efficiency and stability. Here we report a molecular hybrid at the buried interface in inverted perovskite solar cells that co-assembled the popular self-assembled molecule [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) with the multiple aromatic carboxylic acid 4,4′,4″-nitrilotribenzoic acid (NA) to improve the heterojunction interface. The molecular hybrid of Me-4PACz with NA could substantially improve the interfacial characteristics. The resulting inverted perovskite solar cells demonstrated a record certified steady-state efficiency of 26.54%. Crucially, this strategy aligns seamlessly with large-scale manufacturing, achieving one of the highest certified power conversion efficiencies for inverted mini-modules at 22.74% (aperture area 11.1?cm2). Our device also maintained 96.1% of its initial power conversion efficiency after more than 2,400?h of 1-sun operation in ambient air.

化学Chemistry

A general strategy for the synthesis of taxane diterpenes

紫杉烷二萜合成的通用计谋

▲ 作者：Lu Pan, Fabian Schneider, Moritz Ottenbruch, Rainer Wiechert, Tatjana List, Philipp Schoch, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07675-8

▲择要：

任何无机份子的碳框架都是其三维布局的根蒂根基，于决议其物理以及生物特征方面起着要害作用。是以，紫杉烷二萜是最知名的自然产品家族之一，这重要归功在其最凸起的化合物紫杉醇的乐成，紫杉醇是一种有用的抗癌医治药物，已经有25年以上的汗青。

与传统紫杉烷比拟，环紫杉烷（也称为紫杉烷复合物）的生物活性仍未获得充实研究。这两组紫杉烷类的碳框架存于显著差异，是以其各自怪异的合成要领也差别。

研究组报导了一种基在繁杂份子框架彼此转化的多功效合成计谋，提供了天生更广泛的紫杉烷二萜家族产品的通用路子。

他们制备了一系列经典框架以及环紫杉烷框架，此中包孕由单一高级中间体全合成的紫杉宁K（2）、canataxapropellane（5）以及二螺桨烷C。合成要领存心避开仿生计谋，而凸起立体电子节制以协调多环框架彼此转换的威力。

▲ Abstract：

The carbon skeleton of any organic molecule serves as the foundation for its three-dimensional structure, playing a pivotal role in determining its physical and biological properties. As such, taxane diterpenes are one of the most well-known natural product families, primarily owing to the success of their most prominent compound, paclitaxel, an effective anticancer therapeutic for more than 25?years. In contrast to classical taxanes, the bioactivity of cyclotaxanes (also referred to as complex taxanes) remains significantly underexplored. The carbon skeletons of these two groups of taxanes differ significantly, and so would typically their own distinct synthetic approaches. Here we report a versatile synthetic strategy based on the interconversion of complex molecular frameworks, providing general access to the wider taxane diterpene family. A range of classical and cyclotaxane frameworks was prepared including, among others, the total syntheses of taxinine K (2), canataxapropellane (5) and dipropellane C from a single advanced intermediate. The synthetic approach deliberately eschews biomimicry, emphasizing instead the power of stereoelectronic control in orchestrating the interconversion of polycyclic frameworks.

地球科学Earth Science

Global net climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen

报酬活性氮的全世界净天气效应

▲ 作者：Cheng Gong, Hanqin Tian, Hong Liao, Naiqing Pan, Shufen Pan, Akihiko Ito, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07714-4

▲择要：

自前工业时代以来，报酬勾当年夜年夜增长了地球体系中活性氮（Nr）的负荷，致使了广泛的富养分化以及空气污染。增长的Nr还可经由过程对于年夜气以及陆地历程的各类作用来影响全世界天气，但累积的净天气效应尚不清晰。

研究组注解，与1850年比拟，2019年报酬Nr酿成的净负间接辐射强制为-0.34 [-0.20，-0.50] W m-2。这类净冷却效应是气溶胶负荷增长、甲烷寿命缩短和与报酬Nr增长相干的陆地碳固存增长的成果，而年夜气一氧化二氮以及臭氧加强的增温效应没法抵消这些影响。

使用三种代表脾气景的将来猜测注解，这类冷却效应可能重要因气溶胶负荷削减以及甲烷寿命延伸而削弱，尤为是N2O惹起的变暖可能会于所无情景下继承增长。该研究成果注解，为了实现情况掩护方针，将来于削减报酬Nr的同时，仍需加鼎力大举度削减报酬温室气体排放，以实现《巴黎协定》减缓天气变迁的方针。

▲ Abstract：

Anthropogenic activities have substantially enhanced the loadings of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the Earth system since pre-industrial times, contributing to widespread eutrophication and air pollution. Increased Nr can also influence global climate through a variety of effects on atmospheric and land processes but the cumulative net climate effect is yet to be unravelled. Here we show that anthropogenic Nr causes a net negative direct radiative forcing of ?0.34?[?0.20, ?0.50]?W?m-2 in the year 2019 relative to the year 1850. This net cooling effect is the result of increased aerosol loading, reduced methane lifetime and increased terrestrial carbon sequestration associated with increases in anthropogenic Nr, which are not offset by the warming effects of enhanced atmospheric nitrous oxide and ozone. Future predictions using three representative scenarios show that this cooling effect may be weakened primarily as a result of reduced aerosol loading and increased lifetime of methane, whereas in particular N2O-induced warming will probably continue to increase under all scenarios. Our results indicate that future reductions in anthropogenic Nr to achieve environmental protection goals need to be accompanied by enhanced efforts to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to achieve climate change mitigation in line with the Paris Agreement.

Deep crustal assimilation during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Fires, Iceland

2021年冰岛Fagradalsfjall年夜火时期的地壳深部夹杂

▲ 作者：James M. D. Day, Savannah Kelly, Valentin R. Troll, William M. Moreland, Geoffrey W. Cook Thor Thordarson

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07750-0

▲择要：

活跃的玄武岩喷发无望实现地球化学以及地球物理性子的时间序列阐发，为地幔身分以及喷发历程提供了约束前提。从2021年最先，冰岛雷克雅内斯半岛连续的Fagradalsfjall以及Sundhnúkur年夜火使该要领成为可能。这一火山期间最早的熔岩被注释为仅反应了从浅层到深层地幔源历程的变迁。

研究组使用锇（Os）同位素注解，2021年Fagradalsfjall熔岩既部门结晶，又遭到强烈的地壳混染，便可能遭到雷克雅内斯半岛下的洋中脊辉长岩以及更陈旧玄武岩的污染。最早喷发产品（187Os/188Os≤0.188，铂（Pt）/铱（Ir）≤76）对于冰岛熔岩或者全世界海洋玄武岩而言高度异样，于整个2021年喷发时期，Os同位素比值仍旧升高，注解混染物连续存于，但被稀释了。

2022年熔岩没有混染迹象（187Os/188Os=0.131，Pt/Ir=30），是典型的冰岛玄武岩（0.132±0.007）。2021年，Fagradalsfjall年夜火发作，触及最早熔岩的喷发前阻滞、分散结晶以及地壳夹杂。2022年成立的岩浆通道体系使岩浆于没有地壳夹杂的环境下可以或许有用地向地表运送。

▲ Abstract：

Active basaltic eruptions enable time-series analysis of geochemical and geophysical properties, providing constraints on mantle composition and eruption processes. The continuing Fagradalsfjall and Sundhnúkur fires on Iceland’s Reykjanes Peninsula, beginning in 2021, enable such an approach. Earliest lavas of this volcanic episode have been interpreted to exclusively reflect a change from shallow to deeper mantle source processes. Here we show using osmium (Os) isotopes that the 2021 Fagradalsfjall lavas are both fractionally crystallized and strongly crustally contaminated, probably by mid-ocean-ridge gabbros and older basalts underlying the Reykjanes Peninsula. Earliest eruptive products (187Os/188Os≤?0.188, platinum (Pt)/iridium (Ir)?≤?76) are highly anomalous for Icelandic lavas or global oceanic basalts and Os isotope ratios remain elevated throughout the 2021 eruption, indicating a continued but diluted presence of contaminants. The 2022 lavas show no evidence for contamination (187Os/188Os=?0.131, Pt/Ir?=?30), being typical of Icelandic basalts (0.132?±?0.007). Initiation of the Fagradalsfjall Fires in 2021 involved pre-eruptive stalling, fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation of earliest lavas. An established magmatic conduit system in 2022 enabled efficient magma transit to the surface without crustal assimilation.